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- History
- Spanish settlement of the west
-
- International borders have always been centers of conflict, and the
- U.S.-Mexican border is no exception. With the European colonizing the New
- World, it was a matter of time before the powers collided. The Spanish
- settled what is today Mexico, while the English settled what is to day the
- United States. When the two colonial powers did meet what is today the
- United StatesÆ Southwest, it was not England and Spain. Rather the two
- powers were the United States and Mexico. Both Counties had broken off from
- their mother countries. The conflict that erupted between the two countries
- where a direct result of different nation policies. The United States had a
- policy of westward expansion, while Mexico had a policy of self protection.
- The Americans never had a written policy of expansion. What they had was
- the idea of "Manifest Destiny." Manifest Destiny was the belief that the
- United States had the right to expand westward to the Pacific ocean. On the
- other hand, Mexico was a new country wanting to protect itself from outside
- powers. Evidence of U.S. expansion is seen with the independence of Texas
- from Mexico. The strongest evidence of U.S. expansion goals is with the
- Mexican-American War. From the beginning, the war was conceived as an
- opportunity for land expansion. Mexico feared the United States expansion
- goals.
- During the 16th century, the Spanish began to settle the region. The
- Spanish had all ready conquered and settled Central Mexico. Now they wanted
- to expand their land holdings north. The first expedition into the region,
- that is today the United States Southwest, was with Corando. Corando
- reported a region rich in resources, soon after people started to settle the
- region. The driving force behind the settlement was silver in the region.
- The Spanish settled the region through three major corridors; central,
- western and eastern. The first settlements were mainly through the central
- corridor. The Spanish went thorough what is now the modern Mexican state of
- Chihuahua into the U.S. state of New Mexico. Eventually the Spanish
- established the city of Santa Fe in 1689. The eastern corridor was through
- modern day Texas and led to the establishment of San Antonio. The eastern
- expansion was caused by the French expansion into modern day Louisiana. The
- Spanish crown wanted a buffer between the French in Louisiana and central
- Mexico. The last corridor of expansion was in the west, through the sea,
- which led to the establishment of San Diego in 1769 and Los Angles in 1781.
- The Spanish were not the only European power to colonize the new world;
- French, English and the Dutch also settled North and South America. The
- Spanish and the French settled what is present day U.S.-Mexico border region.
- The French settled modern day U.S. midwest, while the Spanish settled
- present day Mexico and U.S. southwest. As time went on, European influence
- in the region diminished.. The French sold there claims to the United
- States, in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase. Mexico gained independence
- from Spain in 1821. Once the United States bought the Louisiana Purchase,
- western expansion began. This set the stage for major conflict in the
- region.
- The United States gained independence from England in 1775. After 1775, the
- Americans started to expand west. By the time Mexico gained independence,
- the United States had reached the Mexican frontier. Mexico needed to protect
- its northern borders. To protect the border region, Mexico needed to
- populate the area. Mexico continued the policy started by Spain of allowing
- Americans to settle Texas. The Americans had to follow Mexican law, religion
- and customs. The settlement of Texas played into the United StatesÆ
- expansion plans.
- Eventually Mexico City closed Texas from more Americans from entering.
- This angered the Americans wanting to enter and Americans already living in
- Texas. Texas revolted from Mexico in 1833. Mexicans did live in Texas, and
- fought for the independence of Texas. The majority of Texans were Americans
- and fought for their independence. After the war the Americans intentionally
- or non-intentionally forced most Mexicans out of Texas. The ones that stayed
- faced racial tensions that continue to today.
- After gaining independence from Mexico, Texas wanted to join the United
- States immediately. The U.S. Congress voted against Texas from joining the
- Union. Congress was worried that annexation of Texas would anger Mexico.
- Mexico had never officially recognized Texas as independent. Congress was
- concerned that annexation would start a war with Mexico. MexicoÆs repose to
- American annexation was not the only factor in deciding against annexation.
- If Texas was to become a state, it would be a slave state. At the time, the
- United States an even balance between slave and non-slave states. Texas
- entering the Union would disrupt the balance, giving slave states an
- advantage in the U.S. House and Senate. Since the United States was not
- ready to annex Texas, Texas declared itself a sovereign country. In 1837
- President Andrew Jackson formally recognized Texas a country.
- Texas wanted to be part of the United States. It needed the protection of
- the Untied States. President Tyler could not get the 2/3 majority needed to
- admit Texas. Instead, he changed the law to require only a simple majority.
- It was not until 1845 and two Presidents later that Texas was annexed into
- the United States. Mexico protested the admission of Texas into the United
- States. The United States saw MexicoÆs protest as a excuse to spend troops
- into Texas
- The annexation of Texas was a represented the United States expansion goals.
- The United States wanted to settle in Texas, but Mexico owned the land.
- That did not matter to the United States, they settled in the region
- regardless. The Americans that settled the region agreed to Mexican law and
- customs, but still considered themselves Americans. After the annexation of
- Texas, Texas also wanted to expand. Texas claimed that New Mexico and
- California were part of Texas. The boundary with Mexico was also disputed.
- The United States claimed that the Texas border was at the Rio Grande.
- Mexico disagreed, Mexico stated the border was at Nueces River. The United
- States did try to settle matters diplomatically. The United States sent
- inexperienced diplomat John Slidell. Slidell tried to buy area known as the
- U.S. Southwest. Slidell, being an inexperienced diplomat, was rejected. Not
- only was he not successful in buying the land, he aroused Mexican fears. This
- set the stage for the Mexican-American War.
- . The United States also had no written policy of expansion, but the
- government quietly supported it. The United States has always had troops the
- region, even though they held no land in the region The United States kept
- ships off the coast of California. In 1842 the U.S. commander in the region,
- Commodore Thomas Jones, attacked and took the city of Monterrey in
- California. He falsely believed that Texas and Mexico were at war. Once he
- realized his mistake he withdrew his forces and apologized to the Mexian
- government for his action and claimed that he did not act with orders from
- the U.S. government.
- Although Jones claimed that he did not act with orders from the U.S.
- government, clearly the government did not stop the practice. Another
- example of the United StateÆs expansion goals was the Mexican-American War.
- This is the first time America has fought a war with land expansion as its
- main goal. The war started on April 25 1846 with the attack from Mexican
- troops and the counter attack from General Taylor of the U.S. Army. Taylor
- sent a message to President Polk that hostilities have started. President
- Polk, with a pre-drafted declaration of war, asked Congress to declare war
- against Mexico. President Polk knew that Mexico would lose the war and would
- gain new lands in the end.
- The Mexican-American war lasted two years, and ended with the signing of the
- Treaty of Guadeloupe on February 2 1848. The United States had succeeded in
- winning the war. With the Treaty of Guadeloupe the United States had
- succeeded in completing its Manifest Destiny. The Treaty itself represented
- the United States expansion goals. The United States wanted to settle on
- were the international border was to be. Mexico wanted the border to north
- of the Rio Grande river, but finally decided upon the middle of the Rio
- Grande river. Mexico having been bankrupt from the war, agreed to take the
- 15 million as payment for the vast land. In addition, the United States
- agreed to pay off all Mexican debts owed to the United States. This amount
- was small in comparison to what the United States gained in territory. The
- United States took advantage of a weak country of obtained its expansion
- goals.
- Another example of the United States taking advantage of Mexico is the
- Gasden Purchase. The Gasden Purchase was ratified in 1854 for the selling
- price of 10 million. Mexico was going through rough economical time and
- desperately needed the money. The United States seeing an opportunity to
- build a railroad through the region brought the land at a cheap price. The
- selling of the Gasden Purchase was the down fall of President Santa Ana, and
- led to his replacement.
- The conflicts along the border region were a direct result of U.S.
- expansion policies and Mexican fear for the United States. The Americans saw
- Manifest Destiny, westward expansion, as there God given right. The United
- States proved often that it supported policy of expansion. With the
- Mexican-American war, the United States completed it's Manifest Destiny. The
- United States completed Manifest Destiny at the cost of the Mexican
- government and its people.
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